The arts and crafts coffee table embodies simplicity, utility, and beauty. The coffee table is a furniture piece. This furniture often features rectilinear forms, oak wood, and hand-hammered copper details. It is commonly associated with the American Craftsman movement, with an emphasis on traditional craftsmanship using natural materials.
Picture this: a world drowning in mass-produced, soulless objects. Yikes! Now, imagine a group of passionate artisans rising up, armed with chisels and a love for all things handmade. That, my friends, is the Arts and Crafts Movement in a nutshell. It was a big “NO THANKS” to the cold, unfeeling machine and a resounding “YES, PLEASE” to the beauty of handcrafted goods. Think cozy vibes and furniture that actually feels like it has a soul.
But what’s the big deal about furniture, right? Well, Arts and Crafts furniture isn’t just stuff to sit on or store your socks. It’s like a warm hug for your home, radiating a sense of calm and timelessness. It’s the kind of furniture that sticks around, becoming a cherished part of your life’s story.
And guess what? This movement isn’t just a thing of the past! Its influence is still felt in design today. The principles of simplicity, functionality, and a deep respect for materials continue to inspire modern designers and homeowners alike. So, whether you’re a history buff, a design enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of a well-made piece, get ready to discover the enduring magic of Arts and Crafts furniture!
A Rebellion Against the Machine: The Historical Context of the Arts and Crafts Movement
The Rise of the Handmade: A Response to Industry
Picture this: it’s the late 1800s. Factories are churning out goods faster than ever before, thanks to the Industrial Revolution. But amidst all that progress, something was lost – the human touch. Enter the Arts and Crafts Movement, a spirited bunch of artists and designers who decided that enough was enough! They emerged in England in the late 19th century and gained a lot of popularity in the early 20th century,
They weren’t just rebelling against mass production; they were championing the values of craftsmanship, quality, and beauty in everyday objects. Think of them as the original hipsters, but instead of brewing craft beer, they were building beautiful furniture by hand!
The Shadow of the Machine: The Industrial Revolution’s Impact
The Industrial Revolution was the big bad wolf in this story. It brought efficiency and affordability, sure, but it also led to poorly made, mass-produced items that lacked any real soul. The Arts and Crafts folks saw this as a tragedy. They believed that objects should be more than just functional; they should be beautiful, well-made, and a source of joy.
Their goal was to bring back the days when skilled artisans took pride in their work, creating items that were built to last and full of character. It was a romantic vision, to be sure, but it resonated with many who felt alienated by the cold, impersonal nature of industrial society.
The Pioneers of Taste: Key Figures and Events
The Arts and Crafts Movement wasn’t just a feeling; it was a movement driven by passionate individuals. Names like William Morris, with his emphasis on handcrafted design and socialist ideals, played a huge role. His designs, inspired by nature and medieval craftsmanship, set the stage for the movement’s aesthetic.
And let’s not forget the Art Workers Guild, and The Century Guild, where artisans came together to share ideas, collaborate on projects, and promote the value of handcraftsmanship. These gatherings created a sense of community and helped to spread the movement’s message far and wide. These pioneers laid the foundation for a design revolution that continues to inspire us today.
Form Follows Function: Key Design Principles of Arts and Crafts Furniture
Okay, so you’re probably thinking, “Form follows function? Sounds like something my architect uncle keeps saying at Thanksgiving.” But trust me, in the world of Arts and Crafts furniture, it’s actually pretty cool! Ditch the idea of frilly, over-the-top stuff. The Arts and Crafts movement was all about simplicity and honesty. Think of it as furniture that’s not trying too hard.
Simple Forms and Straight Lines
Forget those crazy curves and elaborate carvings you might see in Victorian furniture. Arts and Crafts furniture is all about clean lines and uncomplicated shapes. It’s like the furniture equivalent of wearing jeans and a t-shirt – comfortable, practical, and undeniably stylish. The idea was to create pieces that were functional first and foremost, without unnecessary fluff. No crazy ornamentation, just simple furniture with straight line.
Nature’s Embrace: Motifs and Patterns
While they ditched the excessive ornamentation, Arts and Crafts designers weren’t afraid to get a little natural. Think leaves, flowers, and even the occasional critter subtly worked into the design. These natural motifs and geometric patterns added a touch of organic beauty without compromising the furniture’s functionality. It’s like bringing the outdoors inside, but in a classy, not-covered-in-mud kind of way.
Exposing the Goods: The Beauty of Joinery
Here’s where things get really interesting. Instead of hiding all the joints and connections, Arts and Crafts furniture showed them off! Mortise and tenon joints, dovetails, and other construction details became part of the design itself. It was a way of celebrating the craftsmanship and demonstrating the quality of the piece. It’s like a furniture maker saying, “Hey, look how well this is put together! I’m proud of my work!”
Hammer Time: Hand-Hammered Details
Metalwork played a crucial role in Arts and Crafts furniture, often featuring hand-hammered details. Copper, iron, and brass were used for hardware, accents, and even decorative panels. The hand-hammered texture added a unique, tactile quality to the furniture, further emphasizing the human touch. It’s like a little reminder that someone actually cared about making this piece, which I love.
Movement’s Values Reflected
All these design principles weren’t just random choices. They reflected the core values of the Arts and Crafts movement: honesty, simplicity, and a celebration of craftsmanship. By focusing on function, using natural materials, and highlighting the construction process, Arts and Crafts furniture embodied a return to traditional values in an increasingly industrialized world. It’s like a piece of furniture with a soul!
Nature’s Palette: Where Wood, Metal, and Earthy Touches Meet
Ah, the Arts and Crafts Movement – it wasn’t just about furniture; it was a love letter to mother nature! When you look at a piece from this era, you’re not just seeing a chair or a table; you’re witnessing a celebration of natural materials. Think of it as the ultimate “back to basics” party, where wood took center stage and everyone else brought cool supporting roles.
Let’s dive into the lumberyard of yesteryear, shall we? Oak, the king of the Arts and Crafts forest, was practically stapled to every design. Seriously, you couldn’t swing a hammer without hitting something made of oak! Why oak? Well, it’s sturdy, it’s strong, and it’s got this amazing grain that just screams “authenticity.” But oak wasn’t the only tree invited to the party. Mahogany, with its rich, reddish tones, added a touch of elegance. Walnut, dark and sophisticated, brought the drama. And cherry, the life of the party, offered a warm, inviting hue.
Metalwork and Decorative Touches
Now, let’s talk metal. In the Arts and Crafts world, metal wasn’t just for screws and bolts; it was a statement. Copper, with its warm, earthy glow, was used for everything from drawer pulls to intricate decorative inlays. Iron, often hand-forged and hammered, brought a sense of ruggedness and durability. And brass? Well, brass was the bling of the era – adding just the right amount of shine to catch the eye.
But wait, there’s more! The Arts and Crafts designers weren’t afraid to get down and dirty with other natural elements. Ceramic tiles, often featuring nature-inspired motifs, found their way into tabletops and fireplace surrounds. And glass, sometimes stained or etched, added a touch of whimsy to cabinets and lamps. These materials weren’t just chosen at random. They were carefully selected to complement the wood, the metal, and the overall aesthetic of the piece. They were chosen for their durability, their beauty, and their ability to connect us to the natural world.
The Magic Behind the Mortise: Construction and Finishing in Arts and Crafts Furniture
Alright, so we know Arts and Crafts furniture looks good, but what’s the secret sauce? It’s all about how it’s made. Forget mass-produced, cookie-cutter stuff; we’re talking about serious dedication to handcrafting. This wasn’t just about making furniture; it was about showing off the art of making. Think of it like this: each piece tells a story of the artisan’s skill and passion, a far cry from the soulless stuff cranked out by machines!
Getting Jointed: A Look at Traditional Techniques
The backbone of any good Arts and Crafts piece is its joinery. Forget flimsy glue and staples; we’re talking about techniques that have stood the test of time (and a whole lot of weight!).
- Mortise and Tenon: Imagine a peg (the tenon) fitting snugly into a hole (the mortise). It’s like a handshake between two pieces of wood, strong and reliable.
- Dovetail: This is where things get fancy. Interlocking “tails” and “pins” create a super-strong joint that’s also visually appealing. It’s like the wood is giving itself a high-five!
- Pinned Joints: For extra reinforcement (and a touch of rustic charm), artisans would often use wooden pins to lock joints in place. It’s like adding a little extra ‘oomph’ to the construction.
These aren’t just ways to hold wood together; they’re design elements in themselves. The exposed joinery shows off the craftsmanship and adds to the furniture’s overall aesthetic.
Hammer Time: Carving and Metalwork
It wasn’t just about joinery, though. Many Arts and Crafts pieces feature decorative carving and hammered metalwork. Think leaves, flowers, or geometric patterns carved into the wood, or copper and iron hammered into beautiful shapes.
These details weren’t just for show. They added depth and texture to the furniture, making each piece truly unique. Plus, they showcased the artisan’s skills and attention to detail.
Staining and Finishing Touches:
Finally, we get to the finishing. Rather than hiding the wood’s natural beauty under layers of paint, Arts and Crafts artisans preferred to use stains and clear finishes. This enhanced the wood’s natural color and grain, letting its character shine through.
The goal wasn’t to make the furniture look perfect; it was to celebrate the natural beauty of the materials and the skill of the artisan. And that, my friends, is what makes Arts and Crafts furniture so special.
Masters of the Craft: Prominent Figures and Makers of Arts and Crafts Furniture
Okay, let’s dive into the rockstars of the Arts and Crafts furniture scene! These folks weren’t just making furniture; they were crafting a whole philosophy. They were like the anti-assembly line superheroes, each with their own unique style and vision. Buckle up, because we’re about to meet the head honchos who shaped the movement.
Gustav Stickley: The OG of Simplicity
First up, we have Gustav Stickley, the granddaddy of American Arts and Crafts furniture. Think of him as the minimalist guru of his time. His designs were all about simplicity, function, and letting the natural beauty of the wood shine through. No fuss, no frills, just solid, honest craftsmanship. Stickley believed that furniture should be well-made, practical, and beautiful, all at the same time. His pieces are instantly recognizable by their clean lines, sturdy construction, and that signature Craftsman touch. He didn’t just design furniture; he designed a way of life.
Include image of a Stickley iconic piece, perhaps a Morris chair or a settle.
L. & J.G. Stickley: The Family Empire
Next, let’s talk about L. & J.G. Stickley, Gustav’s furniture-making brothers. These guys were like the corporate arm of the Arts and Crafts movement, mass-producing high-quality furniture based on Gustav’s principles. They took the Craftsman aesthetic and made it accessible to a wider audience. While Gustav focused on the artistic side, his brothers knew how to run a business. Together, they created a furniture empire that brought Arts and Crafts style into homes across America. Their production capabilities helped spread the word of simple, functional, and beautiful furniture.
Include image of an L. & J.G. Stickley piece, showcasing their slightly different take on the style.
Charles Limbert: The King of Cutouts
Then there’s Charles Limbert, a designer known for his distinctive style and innovative use of cutouts. He was like the rebel of the Arts and Crafts movement, adding a touch of whimsy and modernity to his pieces. While others were all about straight lines, Limbert wasn’t afraid to experiment with curves and geometric shapes. His furniture often featured open spaces and unique designs that set it apart from the rest. He proved that Arts and Crafts could be both functional and fun. Limbert created something truly special.
Include image of a Limbert piece with notable cutouts, highlighting his unique design aesthetic.
Roycroft Shops: A Community of Craftspeople
Finally, we have the Roycroft Shops, an influential Arts and Crafts community and furniture maker founded by Elbert Hubbard. This wasn’t just a factory; it was a utopian community where artisans lived and worked together, creating beautiful handcrafted goods. The Roycroft Shops were all about community, collaboration, and the pursuit of excellence. Their furniture was known for its high quality, attention to detail, and that distinctly Roycroft flair. Hubbard’s vision turned this community into a powerhouse of the Arts and Crafts movement.
Include image of a Roycroft piece, showcasing the community’s dedication to craftsmanship and unique style.
Mission Style: Stripping it Down to the Essentials
Think of the Mission Style as the Arts and Crafts Movement’s cooler, more minimalist cousin. Born from the same ideals of handcrafted quality and a rejection of Victorian fussiness, Mission furniture takes simplicity to the next level. Imagine the Arts and Crafts aesthetic, but with a focus on severe, straight lines, unadorned surfaces, and an overall sense of austerity. It’s like the design equivalent of a monk’s cell – functional, honest, and free of unnecessary frills. You’ll often see dark, heavy woods, particularly oak, used in Mission pieces, emphasizing their sturdy construction and down-to-earth appeal.
Craftsman Style: Home Sweet Handcrafted Home
Now, let’s talk Craftsman Style. This is where things get interesting because Craftsman isn’t just about furniture; it’s a holistic approach to architecture and interior design. Think cozy bungalows with wide, inviting porches, exposed rafters, and lots of natural light. The furniture in a Craftsman home perfectly complements the architectural style, featuring the same emphasis on simplicity, functionality, and handcrafted details as Arts and Crafts pieces.
Spotting the Differences: It’s All in the Details
So, what sets these styles apart? While all three share a common ancestor, they each have their unique personality:
- Arts and Crafts: The most ornate of the three, with its natural motifs, hammered metalwork, and emphasis on decorative details.
- Mission: The most austere, focusing on straight lines, minimal ornamentation, and a sense of rugged simplicity.
- Craftsman: A broader style encompassing architecture and interior design, emphasizing a harmonious blend of handcrafted elements, natural materials, and a connection to the outdoors.
Imagine them on a spectrum: Arts and Crafts is the creatively decorated, Mission is the bare bones, and Craftsman is the comfortably cohesive blend of both. All celebrate the beauty of handcrafted design and honest materials.
The Devil is in the Details: Hardware and Finishing Touches
When it comes to Arts and Crafts furniture, it’s easy to get lost in the beautiful wood grain and sturdy construction. But let’s not forget the little things that truly bring these pieces to life! We’re talking about the hardware and the finishes – the unsung heroes of handcrafted design.
A Touch of Metal Magic: Hardware Highlights
Imagine a gorgeous oak cabinet without those signature pulls. It just wouldn’t be the same, would it? Arts and Crafts hardware is all about functionality meeting artistry.
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Copper and Iron Dominance: You’ll often see copper and iron taking center stage in the form of drawer pulls and knobs. These materials weren’t just chosen for their durability; they add a rustic, hand-forged feel that perfectly complements the wood. Think of it as the jewelry of the furniture world – a subtle yet essential accessory!
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Hinges with a Purpose: Forget hiding those hinges! In Arts and Crafts design, hinges are often visible and become part of the overall aesthetic. They’re not just there to let doors swing open and closed; they contribute to the piece’s character and celebrate the honesty of construction. After all, why hide something when you can flaunt it?
The Art of the Finish: Protecting and Enhancing the Wood
Now, let’s talk about finishes. These aren’t just about making the wood look pretty (though they certainly do that!). They’re also crucial for protecting the wood and bringing out its natural beauty.
- Showcasing the Grain: Arts and Crafts finishes typically enhance the wood’s natural color and grain rather than covering it up with thick layers of varnish. Think stains that deepen the wood’s tone or oil finishes that bring out its luster. The goal is to let the wood’s inherent beauty shine through, like highlighting a star’s best features for a red-carpet event!
A Modern Revival: Contemporary Interpretations of Arts and Crafts Design
Hey there, design aficionados! So, you thought the Arts and Crafts movement was a thing of the past, relegated to museums and antique shops? Think again! This beautiful blend of simplicity and handmade goodness is making a serious comeback. But, like, with a modern twist. Let’s dive into how this enduring style is showing up in today’s homes and furniture designs.
Contemporary Craftsman Style: Not Your Grandma’s Furniture
Forget stuffy, overly ornate pieces! Contemporary Craftsman style takes the best bits of the Arts and Crafts movement – think honest materials, clean lines, and a love for nature – and gives it a fresh, modern spin. Imagine the classic oak furniture, but streamlined and perhaps paired with unexpected materials like steel or glass. It’s all about honoring the original principles while creating something that feels current and livable.
Updated Arts and Crafts Designs: Where Old Meets New
Modern furniture designers are having a field day reinterpreting Arts and Crafts principles. You’ll see it in details like exposed joinery, but instead of feeling rustic, it feels intentional and artistic. Natural motifs – leaves, flowers, geometric patterns – are still present, but often in more abstract or minimalist forms. It’s like the designers are whispering “Hey, remember this awesome style? We’re bringing it back, but making it work for today’s spaces.”
Spot the Style: Examples of Modern Arts and Crafts-Inspired Furniture
Ready to be inspired? Here’s what to look for:
- Clean-lined sofas and chairs: Think simple silhouettes upholstered in natural fabrics like linen or wool.
- Wood furniture with visible joinery: Mortise and tenon joints? Dovetails? Let them shine!
- Accent pieces with hammered metal details: Copper, iron, or brass add a touch of handcrafted charm.
- Furniture incorporating natural elements: Wood grains, stone inlays, or even pressed botanicals.
The beauty of this modern revival is that it allows you to enjoy the timeless appeal of Arts and Crafts furniture without feeling like you’re living in a period piece. It’s all about blending the best of the past with the needs and aesthetics of today, creating spaces that are both beautiful and functional. So, go ahead, embrace the revival! Your home (and your inner craftsman) will thank you for it.
Unearthing Yesterday’s Charm: Your Guide to Finding Arts and Crafts Furniture
So, you’ve fallen head-over-heels for the simple elegance of Arts and Crafts furniture, eh? Welcome to the club! Now comes the exciting part: the hunt! Finding these gems can feel like a real-life treasure hunt, but don’t worry, I’m here to equip you with the map and compass. Let’s dive into where you can score these beauties.
Antique Stores: A Time Traveler’s Paradise
First stop, the venerable antique store. Picture this: dusty shelves, the scent of aged wood, and the thrill of discovering a genuine Stickley chair tucked away in a corner. Antique stores are goldmines for original Arts and Crafts pieces, offering a tangible connection to the past. Be prepared to rummage, ask questions, and possibly haggle a bit—it’s all part of the fun! Just remember to bring your “eagle eye” to spot the real deal from the fakes.
Online Marketplaces: A Digital Dig
Next up, the vast world of online marketplaces. Sites like Etsy, eBay, and specialized antique sites can connect you with sellers from all over the globe. The convenience is undeniable; you can browse from your couch in your pajamas! However, exercise caution. Make sure to scrutinize photos, read descriptions carefully, and check seller reviews. And don’t be afraid to ask for more pictures or information before you commit.
Furniture Stores: The Modern Take
For those who prefer a less dusty (and perhaps less risky) adventure, consider furniture stores. Many retailers offer reproduction or handcrafted Arts and Crafts furniture that captures the style’s essence. These pieces often blend traditional design with modern construction, providing a fresh take on a classic look. Plus, you get the peace of mind of buying from a reputable dealer with warranties and return policies.
Becoming an Arts and Crafts Detective: Spotting the Real Deal
Okay, now for the million-dollar question: How do you tell a true Arts and Crafts piece from a wannabe? Here are some quick tips to sharpen your detective skills:
- Look for Solid Wood Construction: Authentic pieces are typically made from high-quality woods like oak, mahogany, or cherry.
- Examine the Joinery: Exposed joinery, such as mortise and tenon joints, is a hallmark of the style.
- Check the Hardware: Original hardware is often made of copper, iron, or brass.
- Consider the Finish: Arts and Crafts furniture typically has a simple, natural finish that enhances the wood’s grain.
- Know Your Makers: Familiarize yourself with the names of prominent Arts and Crafts furniture makers like Gustav Stickley, L & JG Stickley, and Charles Limbert. Knowing their styles can help you identify authentic pieces.
- Trust Your Gut: Sometimes, you just have a feeling about a piece. If it speaks to you, do your research and see if it checks out.
Finding Arts and Crafts furniture is an adventure, so enjoy the journey! With a little knowledge and a keen eye, you’ll be well on your way to discovering a treasure that will bring beauty and history to your home. Happy hunting!
Preserving History: Restoration and Care of Arts and Crafts Furniture
Why Bother? The Importance of Keeping History Alive
Alright, picture this: you’ve stumbled upon a gorgeous Arts and Crafts piece – maybe it’s a sturdy oak chair or a quaint little table. It’s got character, it’s got history, and it’s probably got a few battle scars from its long journey through time. That’s where we come in! Preserving and restoring these pieces isn’t just about making them look pretty again; it’s about keeping a little piece of history alive and breathing. These aren’t your run-of-the-mill, mass-produced items; they’re tangible links to a time when craftsmanship and quality reigned supreme. They carry the stories and spirit of artisans who poured their hearts and souls into their work. Trust me, you’re not just saving furniture, you’re saving memories.
DIY Rescue Mission: Basic Furniture Restoration Techniques
So, you’re ready to roll up your sleeves and get your hands dirty? Awesome! Here are a few basic techniques to get you started on your restoration adventure:
- Cleaning: Before you do anything, give your furniture a gentle spa day. Use a soft cloth and a mild soap solution to wipe away any dust, grime, or sticky residue. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the finish. Think of it as a gentle scrub, not a power wash!
- Repairing: Got some wobbly legs or loose joints? Don’t panic! Wood glue and clamps are your best friends here. Apply a small amount of wood glue to the affected area, clamp it tightly, and let it dry completely. For bigger issues, you might need some wood filler or even some creative woodworking skills.
- Refinishing: If the finish is looking a little worse for wear (think cracked, peeling, or faded), it might be time for a refinishing. This involves stripping the old finish, sanding the wood smooth, and applying a fresh coat of stain or varnish. It’s a bit of a process, but the results are oh-so-satisfying. Remember to take all the necessary safety precautions, like wearing gloves and a mask, and work in a well-ventilated area.
TLC for Timeless Treasures: Caring for Your Antique Furniture
Okay, so you’ve restored your Arts and Crafts masterpiece, and it’s looking fabulous. Now, how do you keep it that way? Here are a few tips for long-term care:
- Humidity Control: Wood hates extreme changes in humidity. Keep your furniture in a room with stable humidity levels to prevent warping, cracking, or joint problems. A humidifier or dehumidifier can work wonders!
- Sunlight Shield: Direct sunlight can fade the finish and dry out the wood. Position your furniture away from windows or use curtains or blinds to filter the light. Think of it as giving your furniture a little sunscreen.
- Gentle Handling: Avoid placing heavy objects on delicate surfaces, and always lift furniture instead of dragging it. And for goodness’ sake, use coasters and placemats to protect against spills and scratches!
- Regular Dusting: A simple dusting with a soft cloth can go a long way in preventing dust buildup and keeping your furniture looking its best. Make it a habit, and your furniture will thank you.
By following these tips, you can ensure that your Arts and Crafts furniture remains a cherished heirloom for generations to come. So go forth, restore, and preserve – you’re not just caring for furniture, you’re caring for history!
A Lasting Legacy: The Enduring Impact of the Arts and Crafts Movement
Okay, folks, we’ve journeyed through the wonderful world of Arts and Crafts furniture, and what a ride it’s been! Let’s quickly rewind and remember the stars of our show: Think solid oak, those honest-to-goodness exposed joints practically shouting, “Hey, I’m handcrafted!”, and a vibe that’s more cozy cabin than glitzy palace. This furniture isn’t just about filling a space; it’s about bringing a piece of history and philosophy into your home.
More Than Just Furniture: A Philosophy
But here’s the kicker: The Arts and Crafts Movement wasn’t just about making pretty chairs and tables; it was a rebellion. A big, beautiful, handcrafted “NO!” to mass-produced, soulless stuff. It was about valuing the skill of the artisan, about connecting with nature, and about finding beauty in simplicity. It was about quality over quantity, and that’s a message that still resonates today.
Still Kicking It in the 21st Century
And that’s why, even in our world of sleek, minimalist designs and tech-heavy everything, the spirit of Arts and Crafts lives on. You see it in the renewed interest in handcrafted goods, in the focus on sustainable materials, and in the desire for pieces that tell a story. Designers and homeowners alike are drawn to the warmth, the authenticity, and the unpretentious elegance of this timeless style. It reminds us that sometimes, the best things in life are the ones made with care, with intention, and with a whole lot of love. The movement has staying power, and it’s not hard to see the influence in many areas of design – even architecture!
A Big Thank You to the Little Guy
So, let’s raise a glass (preferably one made by a local artisan!) to the Arts and Crafts Movement. It’s a reminder that true beauty lies not in flashy excess but in honest craftsmanship, in the appreciation of natural materials, and in the celebration of the human touch. And, maybe, just maybe, it inspires us to slow down, appreciate the things we have, and seek out a little bit of handcrafted goodness in our own lives. Cheers to that!
So, there you have it! Hopefully, you’re feeling inspired to tackle your own arts and crafts coffee table project. Whether you’re a seasoned DIY enthusiast or just starting out, remember to have fun with it and let your creativity shine. Happy crafting!
